The critical role of assessment in creating climate-smart education systems

By transforming learning assessments, we can empower students to take action on climate change and harness the potential of education to adapt our world to the impacts of climate change.

December 13, 2022 by Desmond Bermingham, Australian Council for Education Research International UK Ltd, and Jennie Chainey, ACER's Education and Development research program
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5 minutes read
A teacher helps two girls in the classroom in Honduras. Credit: GPE/Paul Martinez
A teacher helps two girls in the classroom in Honduras.
Credit: GPE/Paul Martinez

As Colin Bangay and others in this blog series have shown, we are already facing increased intensity of extreme weather events and the collapse of biodiversity.

As the UN Secretary General said at the recent biodiversity summit ‘‘Without nature, we have nothing.” This crisis is directly related to the heating of the planet caused by decades of deadly greenhouse gas pollution.

Low and lower-middle income countries are disproportionately suffering the consequences of the unsustainable exploitation of the earth’s natural resources, often in the name of ‘development’ by industrialized, high-income countries.

As recent data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) and the 2016 Global Educational Monitoring Report have shown, we are now facing the prospect of losing the educational gains of the past 50 years.

This is largely because countries have been forced to deal with the costs of extreme weather events, rebuild schools that have been destroyed, or simply try to catch up on lost learning time rather than investing in system improvements that benefit the poorest and most marginalized children.

The social and economic impacts of the planetary emergency caused by climate change, greenhouse gas pollution and biodiversity collapse are not future threats – they are here now.

Transforming assessment to empower students to take action on climate change

Education systems need to be transformed to reflect this reality and assessment systems play a critical role in shaping and supporting this transformation.

As all teachers and education practitioners know, what we measure in our schools– both informally through classroom assessments and formally in end of year or end of phase examinations – has a huge impact on the content and approach to teaching in the classroom.

We therefore need to make sure that we measure what matters – and nothing matters more than ensuring children and young people understand the causes of the existential threat to the planet – and that assessments include practical actions and creative solutions to these problems.

Recent innovative work on assessment has focused on the needs of children and young people who are poorly served by traditional approaches to education. These approaches are often based on contextually inappropriate curricula and assessment systems that are overloaded.

Few low-income countries have institutionalized standardized assessment systems to monitor learning over time. Even when student learning data is collected, it is often underutilized due to limited capacity and resource challenges.

In recent years, experts have been working on developing reliable ways of measuring skills and aptitudes such as creativity, curiosity, problem solving and the ability to work collaboratively with peers.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2025, led by the Australian Council for Educational Research1, will include a strong focus on science, including assessment of students’ ‘appreciation of how knowledge is developed, and ability to navigate incorrect use of knowledge such as climate change denial or the anti-vaccination movement.’

Developing and supporting these critical thinking and problem-solving skills will empower children and young people to find their own solutions and call for changes in government actions and policies that will be essential to reverse the damage done and avert the worst impacts of the emergency.

Practical ways to teach climate change

We believe it is essential to advance the debate on how we can assess the knowledge and understanding of children and young people about the threats to the planet caused by global warming and biodiversity collapse.

This can be done in very practical ways that are adapted to local contexts and delivered without access to expensive resources.

Local renewable energy projects, tree planting, biodiversity baseline surveys and replenishment projects provide rich opportunities for learning and assessing valuable skills. Climate-smart schools could become community hubs for learning and behavior change in these key areas.

There is an emerging consensus that the best approach to ‘teaching the climate’ is through existing subject areas rather than adding a separate Climate Education subject area to already over-crowded curricula.

Science, geography, mathematics and technology are all obvious areas, which should have the themes of climate and environmental protection woven through them. There is also scope for exploring these issues in creative subjects such as language, literacy, art and social studies.

Context-based student assessment

The contribution of the assessment community should be to develop a consensus – ideally at a national or regional level – about these core concepts and how we might measure understanding and capabilities across subjects.

How might approaches to teaching, learning and assessing these concepts differ in the Global South where financial resources are limited but natural resources abound?

We might also consider how this climate and environmental literacy might be expected to develop over time. What are the foundational concepts that we would expect children to understand from an early age?

How would we expect this understanding to develop over time? How do we measure creativity and problem-solving skills in the area of climate change through project-, problem-, and inquiry-based learning and assessment?

All of these concepts need to be developed and trialled locally to ensure that assessment systems accurately reflect the knowledge and understanding of children and young people in the country context. We may find some surprises about how much young children really understand about the impact of climate change on their lives and how they find the solutions.

Good assessment credits knowledge and supports learning. It also stimulates curiosity and prompts further learning. Future assessment also needs to capture the skills and capabilities which are demonstrated in action.

We have seen many examples in the Global South as well as the Global North of young people leading the way in calling for urgent action to stop the planet burning. This demonstrates an understanding and insight in advance of many of their elders.

Our education and assessment systems must be transformed to celebrate these capabilities and measure what matters.

    Reference

  1. Guidelines for Data Collection measure SDG 4.7.4 and 4.7.5 offers technical guidance on how to collect data to measure and monitor understanding of issues related to global citizenship and sustainability and proficiency in knowledge of environmental science and geoscience

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Read other blogs in this series

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J'ai beaucoup apprécié cet article sur la façon d'enseigner le changement climatique dans les écoles. C'est en effet dès le bas âge que la sensibilité sur les changements climatiques doit se faire sentir si nous voulons que nos communautés arrivent à comprendre ses effets qui deviennent de plus en plus dévastateurs. Si beaucoup de gens se réjouissent du pas franchi au niveau économique ou technologique, sans la protection de l'environnement tout peut un jour tomber à l'eau si on ne met pas un accent particulier à la protection de l'environnement.

Vraiment, aujourd'hui au Bénin, les acteurs du système de l'éducation surchargent les apprenants sans même prendre en compte l'essentiel. Il faut transformer donc nécessairement le système éducatif afin de répondre aux besoins potentiels du pays.

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