This case history explores the provision of education for Syrian refugees in Turkey from the outset of the 2011 influx to the end of 2019. Findings from this study have contributed to a comparative study with Bangladesh and Rwanda, whose overarching objectives were:

• To document which factors in the early stages of a refugee response seem to determine whether refugees are included in national education systems as opposed to separate systems;
• To identify factors for further study that could shed light on essential program and policy actions that lead to greater effectiveness and sustainability of refugee education responses from the emergency stage forward.

There are significant knowledge gaps across the sector regarding the most appropriate way to capture lessons learned from country-specific responses to refugee inclusion in national education systems. The practical working out of this experimental methodology provides an opportunity to reflect on and improve the way in which learning is captured and shared in such contexts.